Although EspL cleaved RIPK1 and RIPK3 to generate the expected p61 and p50 fragments (Fig. 2E; Appendix Fig. S2B), LDH release, apoptotic caspase processing and cleavage of the fluorogenic caspase substrates were comparable between C. rodentium and ΔespL infection in macrophages and CMT-93 cells (Fig. 2F–I). Here, RIPK1 is linked to infection.