TLRs are expressed in the inflamed joints of RA patients, where endogenous TLR ligands activate inflammatory signaling and joint bone destruction.11,13 Among TLRs, TLR4 expression is increased on peripheral blood monocytes and synovial fluid macrophages from RA patients and is also present in synovial tissues of RA patients.11,14–17 In an animal model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), TLR4 inhibition suppressed inflammatory cytokine induction and disease progression.17 The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.