Immunotherapies and more recently targeted therapies are becoming established in non-metastatic disease.81 Osimertinib significantly reduces the risk of disease recurrence in the adjuvant setting for patients with stage IB-IIIA EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC following complete tumor resection.82,83 This underscores the role of molecular testing in early-stage NSCLC, as selection of patients for adjuvant treatment relies on the presence of an EGFR-TKI sensitizing mutation. This evidence concerns the gene EGFR and non-small cell lung carcinoma.