SLC5A2 and chronic kidney disease: We used UACR change as a surrogate outcome, as early treatment effects are associated with long-term kidney outcomes.10,17,18,19 Therefore, UACR is considered to be a reasonably likely surrogate end point for kidney failure and can be used to monitor drug responses.20 Prior studies in patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD demonstrated substantial variation in UACR changes with SGLT2 inhibitors, but this variation was also observed in placebo groups.6,17 Without re-exposure, it remained unclear whether this reflected random day-to-day variability or a genuine treatment response.