CFTR and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Fig. 8 demonstrates the versatility of NP in targeting COPD, asthma, and CF such as MSNP loaded with ceftazidime in the case of COPD [317], berberine-loaded biomimetic NP for asthma treatment [336] or poly β-amino ester/CpG-depleted CFTR plasmid NP for CF [347].