TNF and diabetes mellitus: This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation on key biomarkers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), GSH, and nitric oxide [NO]) and inflammation (interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and CRP) in individuals with diabetes.