Altogether, this data suggests that ALDH1A1 positively regulates TGFB1 expression in the RARA- and AR-dependent manner in the androgen-sensitive PCa cells, however, the interplay between TGF-β1 and MMP11 levels could be present at the androgen-sensitive and castration-resistant stages of PCa (Fig. 4I). This evidence concerns the gene RARA and posterior cortical atrophy.