The results showed significant reductions in TGF-β1, CXCL12, CXCL10, OPN, and COX-2, of which COX-2 and OPN have been shown to be associated with promoting leukemia progression [10, 27], and CXCL12, TGF-β1, and CXCL10 have been reported to be associated with leukemia resistance [13, 28, 29](Fig. 2J, K). Here, SPP1 is linked to leukemia.