Similarly, differential gene expression analysis identified top upregulated genes, namely ST8SIA1, LINC00521, C14orf180, LRP1B, SAG, CNIH3, LOC388553, WDR88, LPA, KIR2DL5A and top downregulated genes, namely OR5R1, SPANXN3, MIR4454, MIR153-1, SFTPC, FOXD4L4, MIR4699, SFTPD, OR10H3, C4BPA in the IPF with COVID history group compared to the COVID-ARDS group. Here, CNIH3 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.