TLR5 and cancer: FlaB operates a positive feedback circle in the TLR5 expression on DCs in the dLNs, which results in enhanced antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cell activity and IFN-γ production.24 33 Unlike other TLRs, TLR5 functionality is well maintained during immunosenescence, making it a potent immune adjuvant for vaccines against diseases prevalent in the elderly, such as cancers and Alzheimer’s disease.32 45 This study used FlaB as the adjuvant for in situ-generated TAs released by PTT and Her2 peptide antigen.