CXCR4, primarily expressed by immune cellsand in the bone-marrow, plays a central role in retaining marrow cellswithin the bone matrix through its interaction with its chemokineligand, SDF-1.48 Disruption of the SDF-1-CXCR4axis has been shown to induce the release of bone-marrow cells intothe circulation and sensitizes CXCR4-expressing MM cells to therapy.49 Our study demonstrates that ATBL exhibits significantlyenhanced therapeutic activity compared to other forms of BTZ therapies,due in part to the expression of the CXCR4 as a target moiety. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL12 and Miyoshi myopathy.