VEGFB and systolic heart failure: There is evidence that VEGFB induces physiological-like cardiac hypertrophy.23,37 However, in pathological conditions, VEGFB overexpression in hypertensive rats resulted in pathological hypertrophy and a shift from diastolic to systolic heart failure.38 To clarify whether VEGFB induces physiological or pathological cardiac hypertrophy in aged mice, we assessed specific hypertrophy markers by histological and transcriptomic analysis.