In some studies, the secretion of pro-inflammatory stimuli, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α, was significantly elevated in obesity groups, triggering monocyte migration and infiltration, which led to retinal pigment epithelial dysfunction that produced AMD lesions (68, 69). This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.