For example, IL-1 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a role in the development and progression of various cancers, particularly in the formation of the inflammatory microenvironment (64); IL-2 is closely associated with T-cell proliferation and immune responses, potentially playing an important role in tumor immune evasion (25); IL-16 is involved in the recruitment and activation of T-cell, contributing to immune responses (65). Here, IL16 is linked to cancer.