ALYREF and hepatocellular carcinoma: In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and cells, NSUN2, NSUN4, and ALYREF are significantly upregulated, while NSUN1 is notably downregulated (Table 1) (Cui et al., 2022; Nulali et al., 2024; Song et al., 2023; Sun and Ding, 2023; Xue et al., 2023) ALYREF expression correlates positively with tumor classification, TNM stage, tumor size, and Ki67 levels, and elevated NSUN4 levels are indicative of more advanced tumor stages and grades (Cui et al., 2022; Nulali et al., 2024).