Harnessing the natural antigen-presenting ability of dendritic cells (DCs), the antigen self-presentation and immunosuppression reversal (ASPIRE) nanovaccines were designed with the membranes of DCs, which are genetically engineered to express tumor-specific peptide MHC-I and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibodies, with upregulated B7 levels after maturation. Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.