Patients undergoing IFN-α therapy for other disorders frequently develop cognitive impairment, and type 1 IFN-signalling in the CNS has been linked to cognitive impairment in various disorders, such as the type 1 interferonopathies, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, post-COVID-19 syndrome, and age-induced cognitive decline [19, 20, 47–50]. This evidence concerns the gene IFNA1 and Cognitive impairment.