BMP2 and aortic stenosis: It has been demonstrated that elevated expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in diabetic AS patients is associated with increased valvular expression of the calcification marker bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), especially in subjects with poorly controlled DM, defined as glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5% [9].