Spatial transcriptomics confirmed cell-type locations, validated marker genes used for cluster annotation and revealed spatial location of cellular subpopulations (Supplementary Table 1h), highlighting distinct clusters of epithelial (EPCAM) and stromal cells (IGF1) in samples from two controls, two PCOS and one PCOS-metformin and one PCOS-lifestyle (Fig. 1g and Extended Data Fig. 2a,b). Here, IGF1 is linked to polycystic ovary syndrome.