Furthermore, a positive correlation between HRH1 and TGF-β1, as well as mesenchymal markers including N-cadherin (CDH2), vimentin (VIM), Snail (SNAI1), and Slug (SNAI2), was observed in TCGA HNSCC cohort (Fig. 3H). Here, VIM is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.