MAPK1 and neoplasm: Riahi-Chebbi et al. (2019) found that 75 μM kaempferol in combination with 60 μM 5-FU was able to induced apoptosis by inhibiting the p38 MAPK pathway and downregulating the expression of phosphorylated-cdc2 and p27 in 5-FU-resistant LS174-R cells. Meanwhile, the combination can reduce the level of VEGF-A and IL-8 and inhibit tumor growth. Choi et al. (2018) reported that kaempferol (0, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μM for 24, 48, and 72 h) upregulated the expression of p-p38 MAPK, downregulated the expression of p-JNK and p-ERK, inducing apoptosis in HCT116 and HCT15 cells in a dose- and time manner.