Among these, exosomes derived from M1-polarized macrophages (M1-Exos) mediate intercellular transfer of miR-212-5p, targeting the sirtuin2 gene and regulating the Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway in recipient β-cells, ultimately suppressing insulin secretion and contributing to T2DM pathogenesis (47). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.