TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Kashiwagi et al.39), another graduate student in our department, also examined 63 pediatric IBD patients who received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine, focusing in particular on the impact of anti-TNFα antibody preparations on the ability to acquire and retain vaccine antibodies, the degree of short-term side effects after the first and second vaccine doses and the impact on IBD activity, and the booster effect after the third vaccine dose.