TNF and preeclampsia: In 2D in vitro trophoblast cell models of preeclampsia, UA was increased in response to all three stimuli (hypoxia mimetic, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation) in comparison to control, at 48 h (Control 14.89 ± 0.30 nmol/μL vs. DMOG 18.32 ± 0.19 nmol/μL vs. Rho-6G 16.82 ± 0.22 nmol/μL vs. TNF-α 16.26 ± 0.29 nmol/μL, p < 0.0001; Figure 1C).