Moreover, IL-1β binds to IL-1R1 on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells and activates pro-inflammatory pathways mediated like MAPK/AP-1 or NF-κB that promote cell proliferation and survival, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis, ultimately leading to the development of CRC (69). Here, NFKB1 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.