CSF2 and neoplasm: Following LDHC knockdown, we observed an increase in the secretion of tumor-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, GM-CSF, MCP-1, CXCL1), a decrease in the soluble levels of tumor-derived immunosuppressive factors (IL-6, Gal-9) and reduced tumor cell surface PD-L1 expression.