Additionally, several pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐23 and IL‐17 are implicated in the onset and pathogenesis of both psoriasis and periapical lesions (Allihaibi et al., 2023; Furue et al., 2019; Ghoreschi et al., 2021; Lai & Dong, 2016; Nair, 2004; Wang & Jin, 2018). Here, TNF is linked to psoriasis.