The present multicenter, noninterventional study is the first to investigate the level of knowledge of AFP-relevant guidelines and the translation of these recommendations into real-life clinical practice for high-risk patients with hematologic malignancies, namely AML, MDS, and GvHD patients after allogeneic HSCT, in real-life settings in Türkiye. The gene discussed is AFP; the disease is myelodysplastic syndrome.