In this prospective, observational study, the physicians’ knowledge of AFP guideline recommendations for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) undergoing first remission-induction (Group I) or graft-versus-host-disease (GvHD) after allogeneic stem cell transplant (Group II) was compared with clinical practice via an 11-item multiple-choice questionnaire evaluating the patients in whom AFP was initiated, the timing, the AFP duration, and the drugs used. The gene discussed is AFP; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.