However, the study in the Spanish and British (Iulita et al., 2023) cohort found that females with an APOE ε4 allele had poorer episodic verbal memory and were diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease an average of 3 years earlier than non-carriers, while no such differences were observed between male ε4 carriers and non-carriers. Here, APOE is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.