ALB and cancer: Furthermore, low albumin levels been associated with poor outcomes in almost every primary cancer type, including colorectal, cervical, hepatocellular, gastric, lung, ovarian, and nasopharyngeal cancers (Kengsakul et al., 2022; Christina et al., 2023; Yoshikawa et al., 2022; Crumley et al., 2010; Stares et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2020).