VEGFA and neoplasm: Inflammatory cytokines, including VEGF, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-a, are produced by tumor cells that promote cellular growth and differentiation, but concurrently cause endothelial cell dysfunction leading to greater capillary hyperpermeability (Soeters et al., 2019; Sawant et al., 2013; Le et al., 2011; Hirano, 2021).