According to previous research, M1 macrophages can damage the kidneys of DKD patients by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β and IL-23), chemokines, and reactive oxygen species, whereas M2 macrophages generally function as anti-inflammatory cells and are involved in immunosuppression, tissue repair, and tumor progression (32, 33). Here, IL1B is linked to diabetic kidney disease.