VIP and androgen insensitivity syndrome: Overall, in this study, SSS treatment either exerted antagonistic efficacies against the exacerbation of BBB permeability resulted from delayed administration of tPA, or combined with tPA to improve neurological function after AIS, and the mechanism of BBB protection was associated with the activation of VIP in neurons binding to VIPR1 on endothelial cells contributing to the maintenance of tight junction phenotype.