TLR9 and Sepsis: In neonatal rat with sepsis-associated encephalopathy, TLR9 triggers neural PANoptosis via p38 MAPK pathway.503 The phosphorylation of STING in hippocampus is strongly enhanced in septic mice.504 STING signaling facilitates neuronal necroptosis and cognitive dysfunction, leading to the development of sepsis-associated encephalopathy.504