TLR9 and Sepsis: Nanoparticle-based delivery of selective TLR9 antagonist targeting kidney could reduce renal tubular necrosis and inflammatory response during ischemic AKI.709 Specific deletion of TLR9 in renal proximal tubular suppresses tubular necrosis, kidney apoptosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis following renal IRI.593,710 Chloroquine inhibits endosome acidification and TLR function, alleviating renal injury and systemic inflammation in sepsis and renal IRI, possibly through TLR9.704,711 The effect of TLR9 deletion in myocardial IRI appears to be controversial.