Although fungi are not the major causes of ARDS, Aspergillus fumigatus and Pneumocystis jirovecii are closely associated with ARDS.263,264,431 TLR9 in macrophages and DCs participates in the detection and antifungal activities against Aspergillus fumigatus and Pneumocystis jirovecii. The gene discussed is TLR9; the disease is acute respiratory distress syndrome.