STING1 and neoplasm: Recent studies have demonstrated that cGAS/STING can augment the anti-tumor effectiveness of chemotherapeutic drugs.45 Furthermore, Mn2+ has been shown to promote the activation of cGAS and STING by increasing the production of cGAMP, thereby enhancing the binding affinity of cGAMP/STING.46 To confirm the activation of the cGAS/STING pathway, the expression levels of STING and its downstream markers, including IRF3, phosphorylated IRF3 (pIRF3), and IFN-β, were measured by Western blot (WB) in PBS, DC@OPR, CM@OPR, DCM@OPR groups.