Additionally, 5 immune cell phenotypes are associated with an increased risk of AF, including IgD- CD38dim AC, CD4 + CD8dim AC, CD27 on IgD- CD38br, CX3CR1 on CD14 + CD16- monocytes, and SSC-A on myeloid dendritic cells (DC). This evidence concerns the gene CD27 and atrial fibrillation.