REN and neoplasm: In bladder cancer, the expression of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) is downregulated and it has been demonstrated that AT2R can suppress tumor growth and angiogenesis by inactivating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, which in turn leads to a reduction in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production (30).Indeed, several studies have detailed the role of intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (iRAS) in regulating angiogenesis, cell differentiation, and proliferation.