Probiotic treatment reduced the expression of IL‐10 and TGF‐β in RA patients and HC, but this reduction was statistically significant only in controls (for IL‐10, pDel, Ram, Mix vs. Unt < 0.0001 and pDel, Ram, Mix vs. LPS < 0.0001 and for TGF‐β, pRam vs. Unt = 0.0001 and pRam vs. LPS < 0.0001) (Figure 8D,E). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and rheumatoid arthritis.