Recent studies suggest that targeting TAMs-associated pathways, such as the IL-6/interleukin-8 (IL-8) axis or lactate-monocarboxylate transporter-hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) signaling pathway, could reprogram macrophages and disrupt their pro-tumor activities (16, 18). Here, HIF1A is linked to neoplasm.