ALB and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Table 1 presents the baseline characteristics according to the NLR quartiles. The analysis showed that participants with higher NLR levels were typically older males of white race, with CKD, hypertension, COPD, CHD, smoking habits, higher mortality, and increased creatinine and RDW concentrations. They also had lower Alb and TC concentrations (Table 1, all p < 0.05).