MMP9 and gastric cancer: Chen et al. (2015) demonstrated that PA inhibits migration and invasion of gallbladder cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner by downregulating tumor-associated proteins including PCNA, ICAM-1, RhoA, p-Akt, and p-ERK1/2, mediated through inhibition of the AKT and ERK pathways. Ling et al. (2011) showed that PA suppresses invasion and metastasis of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and MMP-9 activity. Wang et al. (2022) demonstrated that PA inhibits gastric cancer (GC) cell viability and proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner.