Viral upDEGs included CXCL11 which was increased 33-fold in virus-positive patients (q = 4.9 × 10−23), CXCL10 (15-fold increase, q = 2.6 × 10−15), CCL8 (23-fold increase, q = 2.3 × 10−6), PRF1 (fourfold increase, q = 3.8 × 10−9), and IFI27 (twofold increase, q = 8.5 × 10−7), which represent putative biomarkers of viral infection in our analysis (Fig. 7D). Here, CCL8 is linked to viral infectious disease.