The inability of CD8+ T lymphocytes to eradicate malignancies can be attributed to several factors including T cell-extrinsic mechanisms, cancer cell-mediated processes (such as loss of MHC expression, antigen loss, loss or abnormalities in antigen presentation, or expression of inhibitory receptor ligands) and TME-mediated mechanisms (including TGF-β, IL-10, nitrogen metabolites, regulatory T cells, or MDSCs) [19]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.