Of these participants, 43.0% were not using any diabetes medications (‘no diabetes medications’), 26.7% used ‘metformin only,’ 20.5% used ‘metformin combined with other diabetes medications,’ and 9.8% used ‘other diabetes medications only.’ The most commonly used other diabetes medication classes were insulin, then sulfonylureas (gliclazide), followed by sitagliptin, or a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (Supplemental Table 1). This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.