IL1R1 and infection: In contrast, infection of Il1r1-/- mice induced a massive upregulation of genes in every kidney cell type compared to infected WT and naïve Il1r1-/- mice, in particular the cells in the proximal tubule (i.e., PT-S1 to S3) and in the loop of Henle (i.e., CTAL1/2), which showed upregulation of 400–500 genes (Figs. 5B, 6A).