Considering the pivotal role of CTNNB1, the gene encoding for β-catenin, in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and the high prevalence of its activating mutations (50–90%) in HB patients, we consistently found markedly elevated mRNA and protein levels of β-catenin in HB patient samples as compared to their paired normal tissues (Figs. 4B and 1D). The gene discussed is CTNNB1; the disease is hemoglobin measurement.