LGALS3 and atrial fibrillation: Galectin-3, in particular, has been implicated in inflammatory and fibrotic pathways that contribute to atrial remodeling and AF development; elevated galectin-3 levels have been associated with atrial fibrosis, increased LA stiffness, and worse clinical outcomes in patients with AF, highlighting its potential as a biomarker for disease progression and a possible therapeutic target [35,36].