TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: One large, single-center French study in 2019 reported that anti-TNF-α medication accounted for 84% of the mean annual cost (€15,775) per patient with IBD [47], and a 2024 global survey of 233 physicians involved in IBD care confirmed that the cost of anti-TNF-α biologics limited patient access for 51.9% of respondents [13].