VCAM1 and inflammatory bowel disease: Several novel polymeric NP systems have exhibited promising results in experimental models of IBD and CRC, unveiling their potential as therapeutic nanocarriers for early diagnosis and efficient treatment of colonic diseases [140, 141] Sakhalkar et al [142] first explored the benefits of NP-antibody coupling for targeted drug delivery by conjugating biodegradable PEG-PLA block polymer NPs with different endothelial CAM antibody ligands, including VCAM-1, and comparing their adhesion to inflamed endothelia.