Direct RNA-Seq did not detect virus signal in pancreas samples, whereas RT-PCR detected enterovirus RNA confirmed by sequencing in low amounts in pancreas samples in three of the five donor groups: donors with type 1 diabetes with insulin-containing islets, 16% (5/32) being positive; donors with single islet autoantibody positivity, 53% (8/15) being positive; and non-diabetic donors, 8% (4/49) being positive. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus.