We analysed pancreas, spleen, pancreatic lymph nodes and duodenum samples from the following groups: (1) donors with type 1 diabetes (n=71) with (n=35) or without (n=36) insulin-containing islets; (2) donors with single or double islet autoantibody positivity without diabetes (n=22); and (3) autoantibody-negative donors without diabetes (control donors) (n=74). This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.