The relevance of this genotoxic mechanism to human disease is supported by the detection of signature APC mutations in human CRCs colonized by E. coli .22 The three pathobionts examined in this study, as well as other tumor microbiome components, are linked to the amount, activity, and spatial distributions of immune cells in CRC.11,15,16 Owing to the rarity of CAC, human studies with sufficient power to compare pathobiont frequencies in CAC, CRC, and IBD have been lacking. Here, APC is linked to neoplasm.